Psychedelic plants

Psychedelic plants – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Psychedelic plants

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Salvia divinorum, a psychedelic sage

Psychedelic plants are plants that contain psychedelic drugs. Some of them have been used for thousands of years for religious purposes.

Contents 1 Cannabis 2 Plants containing psychedelic tryptamines 3 Other Indoles 3.1 Mescaline 4 Plants containing beta-carbolines 5 Other psychedelic plants 6 See also 7 External links 8 References

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[edit] Cannabis

Cannabis plant

Main article: Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a disassociative drug. It is the weakest of the psychedelics but can produce vivid illusions at higher doses, similar to a low dose of a classic psychedelic such as psilocybin or LSD. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many US states such as California and many countries have created a Medical Cannabis law to allow patients to use cannabis as (among other things) a pain killer and appetite stimulant.

[edit] Plants containing psychedelic tryptamines

DMT Molecule in 2D

DMT Molecule in 3D

Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It can not simply be eaten, and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable, since the user needs to smoke all of it in a minute or else tolerance builds rapidly.

Acanthaceae:

• Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. The plant has unknown compounds, that reportedly cause “visions of eyeballs.” It is also useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
• Justicia pectoralis, DMT in leaves^[1]

Aceraceae:

• Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple Tree) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.^[2]

Aizoaceae:

Delosperma acuminatum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma cooperi	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma ecklonis	DMT[3]
Delosperma esterhuyseniae	DMT[3]
Delosperma hallii	5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma harazianum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma harazianum Shibam	DMT[3]
Delosperma hirtum	DMT[3]
Delosperma hallii aff. litorale
Delosperma lydenbergense	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma nubigenum	5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma pageanum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma pergamentaceum	Traces of DMT[3]
Delosperma tradescantioides	DMT[3]

Apocynaceae family:

• Prestonia amazonica: DMT^[4]

• Voacanga africana: Iboga alkaloids

Fabaceae family (Leguminosae):

Caesalpinioideae (subfamily of Fabaceae) :

• Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems^[5]
• Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO’s up to 0.5%^[6]

Acacia acuminata	Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[7]
Acacia alpina	Active principles in leaf[8]
Acacia angustissima	β-methyl-phenethylamine[9], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[10]
Acacia aroma	Tryptamine alkaloids.[11] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[12]
Acacia auriculiformis	5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[13]
Acacia baileyana	0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[8][14][15]
Acacia beauverdiana	Psychoactive[16] Ash used in Pituri.[17]
Acacia berlandieri	DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[18]
Acacia catechu	DMT[3] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia chundra	DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei	DMT[20]
Acacia complanata	0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[21][22][23]
Acacia confusa	DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[8] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[24]
Acacia cornigera	Psychoactive,[19] Tryptamines[25]
Acacia cultriformis	Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[8] and seeds.[12] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[12]
Acacia cuthbertsonii	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia decurrens	Psychoactive,[19] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[15]
Acacia delibrata	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia falcata	Psychoactive,[16] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[15]
Acacia farnesiana	Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[26] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[27] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[28] Alkaloids are present in the bark[29] and leaves.[30] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[25]
Acacia floribunda	Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[31] in flowers[12] other tryptamines,[32] phenethylamines[33]
Acacia georginae	Psychoactive,[19] plus deadly toxins
Acacia horrida	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia implexa	Psychoactive[34]
Acacia jurema	DMT, NMT
Acacia karroo	Psychoactive
Acacia laeta	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia longifolia	0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[31] 0.2% DMT in plant.[35] Histamine alkaloids.[15]
Acacia longifolia var. sophorae	Tryptamine in leaves, bark[12]
Acacia macradenia	Tryptamine[12]
Acacia maidenii	0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[8]
Acacia mangium	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia melanoxylon	DMT, in the bark and leaf,[36] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[15]
Acacia mellifera	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia nilotica	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens	Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia obtusifolia	Tryptamine,[32] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[34] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.[37]
Acacia oerfota	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[38][14] NMT
Acacia penninervis	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia phlebophylla	0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[8]
Acacia podalyriaefolia	Tryptamine in the leaf,[8] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts[31]
Acacia polyacantha	DMT in leaf[8] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha	Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[39]
Acacia rigidula	DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[40]
Acacia sassa	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia schaffneri	β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[41] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[25]
Acacia senegal	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[8] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[27] DMT in bark.[12]
Acacia sieberiana	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia simplex	DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[42][8]
Acacia tortilis	DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[34]
Acacia vestita	Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[8] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[15]
Acacia victoriae	Tryptamines[32], 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[12]

List of Acacia Species Having Little or No Alkaloids in the Material Sampled:^[15]

0% C 0.02%, C…Concentration of Alkaloids [%]

Acacia acinacea Acacia baileyana Acacia decurrens Acacia dealbata Acacia mearnsii Acacia drummondii Acacia elata Acacia falcata Acacia leprosa

Acacia linearis Acacia melanoxylon Acacia pycnantha Acacia retinodes Acacia saligna Acacia stricta Acacia verticillata Acacia vestita

• Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.^[19]

Anadenanthera colubrina	Bufotenin, Beans[43][44] Bufotenin oxide, Beans[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[44][43] pods[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine oxide, Beans[43]
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil	Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[45] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[46]
Anadenanthera peregrina	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant[44] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant[44] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark[44] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark[44] Bufotenin, Plant,[44] beans[43] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit[44], beans[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[44][47]
Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina	Bufotenine is in the seeds.[48]
Desmanthus illinoensis	0% – 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[49] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[50]
Desmanthus leptolobus	0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[49]
Desmodium caudatum[51] (syn. Ohwia caudata )	Roots: 0.087% DMT,[52] Bufotenine-N-oxide 0.03%
Desmodium gangeticum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, whole plant, roots, stems, leaves[53]
Desmodium intortum	Bufotentine, DMT[54]
Codariocalyx motorius (syn. Desmodium gyrans)	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[53]
Desmodium racemosum	5-MEO-DMT[53]
Desmodium triflorum	0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[52] less in stems[52] and trace in leaves.[52]
Lespedeza capitata
Lespedeza bicolor	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[55]
Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[53]
Mimosa ophthalmocentra	Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[56]
Mimosa scabrella	Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[57]
Mimosa somnians	Trytamines and MMT
Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. “Mimosa hostilis”)	0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[58]
Mimosa verrucosa	DMT[59] in root bark
Mucuna pruriens	“The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT.”[60]
Petalostylis casseoides	0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[55]
Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides	DMT in leaves and stems[53]
Phyllodium pulchellum (syn. Desmodium pulchellum)	0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[55] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[53]

Family Fabaceae: Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin^[61]

Lauraceae:

• Nectandra megapotamica, NMT^[6]

Malpighiaceae family:

• Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT^[62]

Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family):

• Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT^[55] and beta-carbolines^[5]
• Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[55]
• Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[53]
• Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[53]

• Virola genus; for example:

Virola calophylla	Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT[53] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[63]
Virola callophylloidea	DMT
Virola carinata	DMT in leaves[53]
Virola cuspidata	DMT[6]
Virola divergens	DMT in leaves[53]
Virola elongata (syn. Virola theiodora)	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers[53]
Virola melinonii	DMT in bark[53]
Virola multinervia	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and roots[53]
Virola pavonis	DMT in leaves[53]
Virola peruviana	5-MEO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark[53]
Virola rufula	Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT[64] 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark,[53] 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.[53]
Virola sebifera	The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[65]
Virola surinamensis	DMT[6] in bark[53]
Virola venosa	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves[53] DMT

Ochnaceae:

• Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,^[55] DMT in bark and root bark^[53], NMT

Ochnaceae:

Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts^[55]

Poaceae family (Gramineae):

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.^[66]

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Arundo donax	0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[67]
Phalaris aquatica	0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[68] 0.100% DMT,[69] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[69]0.005% 5-OH-DMT[69]
Phalaris arundinacea	0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[68]
Phalaris brachystachys	Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present[citation needed]
Phragmites australis	DMT in roots[53]

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.^[68]

Polygonaceae:

• Erigonum sp.: DMT^[53]

Punicaceae:

• Punica granatum “DMT in root cortex;”^[6] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.^[70]

Rubiaceae family:

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Psychotria carthagenensis	0.2% average DMT in dried leaves[53]
Psychotria expansa	DMT[6]
Psychotria forsteriana	DMT[6]
Psychotria insularum	DMT[6]
Psychotria poeppigiana [3]	DMT[6]
Psychotria rostrata	DMT[6]
Psychotria rufipilis	DMT[6]
Psychotria viridis	DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[71]

Rutaceae family:

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Dictyoloma incanescens	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[53][64] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[55]
Dutaillyea drupacea	> 0.4 % 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[53][34]
Dutaillyea oreophila	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[53]
Tetradium ruticarpum (syn. Evodia rutaecarpa)	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[53] fruit and roots
Limonia acidissima	5-MeO-DMT in stems[53]
Melicope leptococca	0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems,[53] also “5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline”[5]
Pilocarpus organensis	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[53]
Vepris ampody	Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[53][55]
Zanthoxylum arborescens	DMT in leaves[53]
Zanthoxylum procerum	DMT in leaves[53]

Urticaceae:

• Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin^[6]

[edit] Other Indoles

Acoraceae:

• Acorus calamus, asarone

[edit] Mescaline

Species	Alkaloid Content (Fresh)	Alkaloid Content (Dried)
Echinopsis lageniformis (syn. Trichocereus bridgesii)	Mescaline > 0.025%,[72] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1%	2%[73]
Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi)	Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[74]	Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[74]
Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus)	Mescaline[75]	Mescaline[75]
Lophophora williamsii (Peyote)	0.4% Mescaline[76]	3-6% Mescaline[75]
Opuntia acanthocarpa	Mescaline[75]
Opuntia basilaris	Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5 -dimethoxyphenethylamine[75]
Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (syn. Opuntia cylindrica)[77]	Mescaline[75]
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa)	Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[75]
Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior)[78]	Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[75]
Echinopsis macrogona (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus)	> 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[79]
Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus)	Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[74]	Mescaline
Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis)[80]	> 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[79]
Echinopsis terscheckii (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[81]	> 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[79]	Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[74]
Echinopsis valida	0.025% Mescaline[76]

[edit] Plants containing beta-carbolines

Harmaline

Beta-carbolines are “reversible” MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.
Apocynaceae:

Amsonia tabernaemontana	Harmine
Aspidosperma exalatum	Beta-carbolines[82]
Aspidosperma polyneuron	Beta-carbolines[82]
Apocynum cannabinum	Harmalol
Ochrosia nakaiana	Harman
Pleicarpa mutica	Beta-carbolines[82]

Bignoniaceae:

• Newbouldia laevis, Harman

Calycanthaceae:

Calycanthus occidentalis

Harmine

Chenopodiaceae:

• Hammada leptoclada, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
• Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.

Combretaceae:

• Guiera senegalensis, Harman, etc.

Cyperaceae:

• Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
• Carex parva, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Elaeagnaceae:

Elaeagnus augustifolia	Harman, etc.
Elaeagnus commutata	Beta-carbolines[82]
Elaeagnus hortensis	Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Elaeagnus orientalis	Tetrahydroharman
Elaeagnus spinosa	Tetrahydroharman
Hippophae rhammoides	Harman, etc.
Shepherdia argentea	Tetrahydroharmol
Shepherdia canadensis	Tetrahydroharmol

Gramineae:

Arundo donax	Tetrahydroharman
Festuca arundinacea	Harman, etc.
Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass)	Harman, etc.
Phalaris aquatica	Beta-carbolines[82]
Phalaris arundinacea	Beta-carbolines[82]

Lauraceae:

• Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Leguminosae:

• Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
• Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
• Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
• Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Desmodium pulchellum, Harman, etc.
• Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxy-Harman
• Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO’s up to 0.5%^[6]
• Prosopis nigra, Harman, etc.
• Shepherdia pulchellum, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Loganiaceae:

• Strychnos melinoniana, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Strychnos usambarensis, Harman^[82]

Malpighiaceae:

Banisteriopsis argentia	5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (-)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide[9]
Banisteriopsis caapi	Harmine 0.31-8.43%,[83] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[84] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[85]
Banisteriopsis inebrians	Beta-carbolines[82]
Banisteriopsis lutea	Harmine, telepathine[9]
Banisteriopsis metallicolor	Harmine, telepathine[9]
Banisteriopsis muricata	Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT[86]
Diplopterys cabrerana	Beta-carbolines[82]
Cabi pratensis	Beta-carbolines[82]
Callaeum antifebrile (syn. Cabi paraensis)	Harmine

Myristicaceae:

• Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Horsfieldia superba: Beta-carbolines^[5]
• Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
• Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Virola theidora, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Ochnaceae:

• Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Palmae:

• Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Papaveraceae:

Meconopsis horridula	Beta-carbolines[82]
Meconopsis napaulensis	Beta-carbolines[82]
Meconopsis panuculata	Beta-carbolines[82]
Meconopsis robusta	Beta-carbolines[82]
Meconopsis rudis	Beta-carbolines[82]
Papaver rhoeas	Beta-carbolines[82]

Passifloraceae:

Passiflora actinea	Harman
Passiflora alata	Harman
Passiflora alba	Harman
Passiflora bryonoides	Harman
Passiflora caerulea	Harman
Passiflora capsularis	Harman
Passiflora decaisneana	Harman
Passiflora edulis	Harman, 0-7001 ppm[27] in fruit
Passiflora eichleriana	Harman
Passiflora foetida	Harman
Passiflora incarnata (with bee)	Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.[87] Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%[87]
Passiflora quadrangularis	Harman
Passiflora ruberosa	Harman
Passiflora subpeltata	Harman
Passiflora warmingii	Harman

Polygonaceae:

• Calligonum minimum, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Leptactinia densiflora, Leptaflorine, etc.
• Ophiorrhiza japonica, Harman
• Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Harman
• Pauridiantha dewevrei, Harman
• Pauridiantha lyalli, Harman
• Pauridiantha viridiflora, Harman
• Simira klugii, Harman
• Simira rubra, Harman

Rubiaceae:

• Borreria verticillata, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Leptactinia densiflora, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Nauclea diderrichii, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Ophiorrhiza japonica, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Pauridiantha dewevrei, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Pauridiantha yalli, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Pauridiantha viridiflora, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Pavetta lanceolata, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Psychotria carthagenensis, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Psychotria viridis, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Simira klugii, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Simira rubra, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Uncaria attenuata, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Uncaria canescens, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Uncaria orientalis, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Rubiaceae:

Rutaceae family:

• Tetradium (syn. Evodia) species: Some contain carbolines
• Melicope leptococca: Beta-carboline^[5]
• Araliopsis tabouensis, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Findersia laevicarpa, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Xanthoxylum rhetsa, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Sapotaceae:

• Chrysophyllum lacouritianum, Norharman etc.

Simaroubaceae:

• Ailanthus malabarica, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Perriera madagascariensis, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Picrasma ailanthoides, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Picrasma crenata, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Picrasma excelsa, Beta-carbolines^[82]
• Picrasma javanica, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Solanaceae:

• Vestia foetida, (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines^[82]

|

• Symplocaceae:
• Symplocos racemosa, Harman

Tiliaceae:

• Grewia mollis, Beta-carbolines^[82]

Zygophyllaceae:

Fagonia cretica	Harman
Nitraria schoberi	Beta-carbolines[82]
Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue)	The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.[88] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.
Peganum nigellastrum	Harmine[89]
Tribulus terrestris	Harman
Zygophyllum fabago	Harman, harmine

[edit] Other psychedelic plants

Salvinorin A	Salvia divinorum	Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[90]
Ergine	Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose)	Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.
Ibogaine	Tabernanthe iboga	Ibogaine in root bark[91]
Ibogaine	Tabernanthe orientalis	Ibogaine in root leaves[91]
Ibogaine	Tabernanthe pubescens	Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[91]
Ibogaine	Tabernaemontana sp.	Ibogaine[91]
Ibogaine	Trachelospermum jasminoides	Ibogaine[92]
Aporphine	Nymphaea caerulea	Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.[citation needed]These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer‘s Odyssey. Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a “divine” essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.[citation needed] Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.
Mitragynine	Mitragyna Speciosa	Leaves contain mitragynine (thought to be primary psychoactive), mitraphylline, and 7-hydroxymitragynine. (An unusual stimulant and narcotic-like effect reminiscent of caffeine and opium)
Leonurine	Leonotis leonurus	Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Leonurine	Leonotis nepetifolia	Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Active Chemical Unknown	Calea zacatechichi	Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent.

Convolvulaceae:

Ipomoea tricolor & Ipomoea violacea	D-lysergic acid amide and lysergic acid amides in the seeds; up to 0.12% total[93]
Rivea corymbosa	Seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[94]
Some Mirabilis sp.	LSA

Apocynaceae family:

• Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) “hallucinogenic.”^[95]
• Vinca minor

Aquifoliaceae family:

• Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca.^[96] According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.

Euphorbiaceae family:

• Alchornea floribunda, Yohimbine

Loganaceae family:

• Desfontainia spinosa, causes visions^[97]

Lythraceae family:

• Heimia myrtifolia, auditory^[98]
• Heimia salicifolia, auditory^[98]

[edit] See also

• Aztec entheogenic complex
• Legal intoxicants
• List of Entheogens
• List of poisonous plants
• Louisiana State Act 159
• Psilocybin mushrooms

[edit] External links

• Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
• Erowid Tryptamine FAQ — More Plants Containing Tryptamines
• John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
• Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
• Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
• Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
• Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
• UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
• UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
• Virola — Dried Herbarium Specimens
• Virola Species Pictures — USGS
• Desmanthus illinoensis — USDA
• A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
• Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)

[edit] References

1. ^ “Ayahuasca Analogues“. http://www.serendipity.li. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
2. ^ IJ PACHTER, DE ZACHARIAS, O RIBEIRO – The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1959 –
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Trouts Notes on Sacred Cacti
4. ^ “Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs“. paranoia.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008–04-19.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bluezoo Tryptamines
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Plants Containing DMT
7. ^ “Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia acuminata“. leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Shaman Australis
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Glasby, John Stephen (1991). Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press, 2. ISBN 0850664233.
10. ^ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
11. ^ Maya Ethnobotanicals
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Acacia (Polish)
13. ^ Lycaeum
14. ^ ^{a b} www.serendipity.com
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer
16. ^ ^{a b c d e} www.bushfood.net
17. ^ Duboisia hopwoodii – Pituri Bush – Solanaceae – Central America
18. ^ Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine
19. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at [1] (German)
20. ^ www.abc.net.au
21. ^ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies
22. ^ Lycaeum — Acacias and Entheogens
23. ^ Lycaeum
24. ^ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 – 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
26. ^ Lycaeum
27. ^ ^{a b c} Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
28. ^ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06
29. ^ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
30. ^ Purdue University
31. ^ ^{a b c} Hegnauer, Robert (1994). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer, 500. ISBN 3764329793.
32. ^ ^{a b c} www.bluelight.ru
33. ^ “Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia floribunda“. leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
34. ^ ^{a b c d} wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)
35. ^ “Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia longifolia“. leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
36. ^ extentech.sheetster.com
37. ^ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
38. ^ Plants Containing DMT (German)
39. ^ “Acacia campylacantha – Hortipedia“. http://www.hortipedia.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
40. ^ “Acacia rigidula – Magiska Molekylers Wiki“. wiki.magiskamolekyler.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
41. ^ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
42. ^ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)
43. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} UNO
44. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
45. ^ Herbotechnica (Spanish)
46. ^ “Bufo alvarius – Jonathan Ott on Bufotenine“. http://www.erowid.org. Retrieved on 2008–02-23.
47. ^ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
48. ^ PubMed
49. ^ ^{a b} Desmanthus (Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants & analogs)
50. ^ “Google Book Search“. books.google.com. Retrieved on 2008–05-08.
51. ^ “Desmodium caudatum information from NPGS/GRIN“. http://www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008–05-02.
52. ^ ^{a b c d} Trout’s Notes on Desmodium
53. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah} “Ayahuasca Analogues“. http://www.serendipity.li. Retrieved on 2008–04-28.
54. ^ Pharmaceutical-Neutraceutical Bulletin, Final
55. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} .
56. ^ “Isolation and Identification of Putative Hallucinogenic Constituents from the Roots of Mimosa ophthalmocentra – Pharmaceutical Biology“. http://www.informaworld.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-20.
57. ^ “Google Book Search“. books.google.com. Retrieved on 2008–05-07.
58. ^ Ask Erowid ID 75
59. ^ “UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1969“.
60. ^ Erowid entry(2002), [2]
61. ^ “Kalifornischer Korallenstrauch (Erythrina decora) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium – www.giftpflanzen.com“. http://www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-18.
62. ^ DMT Plants List
63. ^ “Species Information“. sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008–04-11.
64. ^ ^{a b} www.tryptamines.com
65. ^ COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS VIROLA SEBIFERA SUMMARY REPORT
66. ^ “Toxicants of Plant Origin – Google Book Search“. books.google.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-20.
67. ^ Erowid Arundo Donax Info Page 1
68. ^ ^{a b c} Lycaeum
69. ^ ^{a b c} Erowid Phalaris FAQ
70. ^ Pomegranate (Herbdata New Zealand)
71. ^ Amazing Nature
72. ^ http://www.thenook.org/archives/tek/alklist.htm
73. ^ Trichocereus
74. ^ ^{a b c d} Forbidden Fruit Archives
75. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Visionary Cactus Guide
76. ^ ^{a b} Erowid
77. ^ Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (http://www.desert-tropicals.com)
78. ^ Cylindropuntia spinosior (www.desert-tropicals.com)
79. ^ ^{a b c} Partial List of Alkaloids in Trichocereus Cacti
80. ^ Echinopsis tacaquirensis ssp. taquimbalensis
81. ^ www.desert-tropicals.com
82. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd} Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines
83. ^ Callaway JC, Brito GS & Neves ES (2005). Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 145-150.
84. ^ John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
85. ^ “Chemical Information“. sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008–04-11.
86. ^ “Silbrige Ayahuasca-Liane (Banisteriopsis muricata) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium – www.giftpflanzen.com“. http://www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-18.
87. ^ ^{a b} www.drugs.com
88. ^ www.amazing-nature.com
89. ^ “Alkaloids and phenylpropanoids from Peganum nigellastrum” . Phytochemistry. Retrieved on 2008–01-12.
90. ^ Clones of Salvia divinorum
91. ^ ^{a b c d} Tihkal
92. ^ Trachelospermum jasminoides (www.giftpflanzen.com)
93. ^ “Trichterwinde (Ipomoea violacea) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium – www.giftpflanzen.com“. http://www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-18.
94. ^ “Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium – www.giftpflanzen.com“. http://www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008–04-18.
95. ^ Catharanthus roseus
96. ^ Ayahuasca Analogues
97. ^ Schultes, Richard Evans, Iconography of New World Plant Hallucinogens. p. 101
98. ^ ^{a b} Sinicuichi FAQ

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